Last edit March 6, 2024, 10:21 AM EST

Page references to the Rutgers University Press edition of Werther-June's Autobiography.

1874: born in Connecticut, in a mill town, Werther says (Auto. 35) One researcher suggests Bridgeport because it was the biggest mill town at the time. But it could have been another mill town. 

1882: "I wrote stories at eight."(Female Impersonator 83)

1883: "From the age of nine [1883] to sixteen, my parents sent me to a large boys' private school. (Auto. 42.) Earlier, he mentions a class of 40 and a class of 50 in one of his schools. (Auto 40) "From the age of nine to sixteen my parents sent me to a fairly large boys’ prep school several miles from my hometown. But in only my senior (sixteenth) I boarded there. The students were almost exclusively high-strung, wealthy boys of the type that parents cannot manage at home and so send away to boarding school having a reputation for strict discipline. Werther describes sex between "virile" boys at the school. Source: http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/two

1887: "At thirteen I  was confident I would become an author and my name be chiselled on the walls of fame."(Female Impersonators 83)

1888: “experiencing religion” or “being converted” at the age of fourteen";  "at the age of fourteen I became a God-intoxicated youth." (II: “The Boy” Riddle mss. on OutHistory.) 

1889-1893: "At fifteen [1889 if born 1874] I developed into a religious prodigy. Until my debut as a quasi-public female-impersonator at nineteen [1893 if born 1874] I, though the most melancholy person of my community, was active in church work. During these four years [1889-1893], I attended seven religious services a week (exclusive of college chapel every morning during two of these years) and from fifteen to seventeen, spent two hours a day in private devotions in addition.  As early as fifteen [1889], I  was the leader of prayer meetings. I preached  from the pulpit a dozen times at nineteen [1893]—a few months before I relinquished all Church work because instinct drove me to female-impersonation."(FIs 76; also see: "1889-I BECOME A RELIGIOUS PRODIGY" (Auto 48)

1890: "made my secret known to my family physician.   . . .Like most physicians in 1890, he did not understand the deepseated character of my perversion." (Auto 49)

Re college Werther says: "At sixteen [1890 if born 1874], I entered a college in New  York City."(FIs 82) That'a a different year for entering college than 1891 below.

Werther says: "at the age of sixteen, chose a college" in NYC (II: “The Boy” Riddle mss. on OutHistory.) 

1891, September: Werther says: "YEAR 1891-FRESHMAN IN UNIVERSITY." (Auto 48) Entered "a university in the City of New York" which was an hour by train from home in CT. "During the first two years of college "I regularly engaged in mission work in the slums as an avocation. I preached about twelve times from the pulpit, besides being the leader of about a hundred secondary church services. (Auto 48- 49) But note 1890, above.

1891-Winter, through 1892: Melancholy. (Auto. 54)

1891-1892: Werther works as a law clerk for Clark Bell, a lawyer and editor of the Medic-Legal Journal, and a director of the Medico-Legal Society.

Werther in Riddle of the Underworld: "An episode of my own checkered life was employment in a New York law office and as counsel’s clerk in New York’s criminal courts, by the irony of fate at the very height of my fairie career: at night a fairie; during the day, clerk to a great criminal lawyer. One of his cases before my time was the defense of a cultured and moneyed fellator from the charge of fellatio in Central Park. The lawyer merely recounted it to me on an occasion when I was trying to get him interested in the defense of an androgyne acquaintance who was in difficulties. The great lawyer never evidenced a suspicion that I was myself an androgyne, being himself in the sixties at the time he employed me. [Clark Bell was in his sixties from March 12, 1892 to March 11, 1902 (based on a birthdate provided in a New York Times article in 1918 announcing Bell’s death.]  All that I distinctly remember about the fellator was that he had been actually guilty with a young husky in Central Park. The latter had discovered his identity and was blackmailing him. The fellator had recourse to the courts along the line of ridding himself of the blackmailer. The lawyer and himself together established a false alibi."

Werther adds to the above comment the following note:  "I was employed by Clark Bell, LLD, founder and for many years, editor of Medico-Legal Journal. I once gave Dr. Herzog, its present editor, indisputable proof that I had been in the employ of Clark Bell. I refer to Dr. Herzog on this point. He [Bell?] once remarked that criminal lawyers knew “absolutely nothing about inverts.” I attended the criminal courts on Centre Street with Clark Bell as his clerk when he was defending criminals. His identity is known to the editor of the Medico-Legal Journal and the editor. I will get Dr. Herzog’s permission for this note." SOURCE: http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/voyeurism

1892:  "at the age of eighteen, overwhelmed with remorse in the realization that I was sexually abnormal, I went successively to two New York medical professors (Dr. Prince A. Morrow and Dr. Robert. S. Newton) and pleaded that they make a genuine man out of me." (II: “The Boy” Riddle mss. on OutHistory.) 

Werther consults a third doctor about his "abnormality": "The third physician from whom I sought a cure for my sexual abnormality gave me to understand as early as 1892 that my case was a remarkable one. This pronouncement incited me still further to keep a record of what life brought me with a view to writing an autobiography some day. (Auto. 17)

1892, April. Schoolmate asked to stay overnight with Werther. Sex. (Auto 55-56)

1892, June: "First Noctural Ramble" as Jennie June, to Hell's Kitchen, bordering Hudson River. (Auto 60) Later to the "New Bowery." (63) 

1892, Fall. Return to college. Deep depression. (Auto 65)

1992, November: "Second Noctural Ramble." To Mulberry Street beween Grand and Broome. Meets "Red Mike." (Auto 67) (That is where the big police station is. Now condos!) Mentions an "adopted son" relationship of 9 yrs. (Auto 79) 

1892, late: Werther consults a "medical college professor," an "alienist" Robert S. Newton. Also consults Dr. Prince Albert Morrow. (Auto 68.) First appeal for castration. (Auto 68)

1893: Werther refers to "my debut as a quasi-public female-impersonator at nineteen" [1893 if born 1874] (FIs 76)

Werther says: "I preached  from the pulpit a dozen times at nineteen [1893 if born 1874]]—a few months before I relinquished all Church work because instinct drove me to female-impersonation."(FIs 76; also see: "1889-I BECOME A RELIGIOUS PRODIGY" (Auto 48)

1893, April (?): "YEAR 1893-FAIRIE APPRENTICESHIP BEGINS   Over five months after my previous visit, I again found myself on Mulberry Street, corner of Grand." (Auto 79) "Fairie Apprenticeship Begins." Back to Mulbery Steet and Red Mike. (Auto 70-71)

1893, May: "Nervous breakdown." Werther can't complete junior year at university and leaves NYC middle of May. (Auto 88)

He provides a substantially different version in a later manuscript,published on OutHistory: "Six years subsequent to my adventure with the prude [at prep school], when I was expelled from the university for being an androgyne, I came within an ace of suicide although believing that none of my family even suspected my expulsion; I having explained that my New York physician had ordered me to rest my brain on account of neurasthenia, which malady the expulsion had immediately occasioned as a matter of fact." Source: http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/two

1894, Summer: "In this summer of 1894, when away from New York, where temptation was less strong, I became for several weeks weaned away from my peculiar habits. (Auto 91)

Suffered "sexual starvation." (Auto 91) "My New York physician" advised a "mate." (Auto 92) "First Soldier Companion." "detachment of light artilery, stationed at a fort near New York City" were camping in a neighboring town. Werther walked 20 miles to the town and camp in a day. (Auto 96) "First Arrest." (Auto 97) Locked up in jail for night and next day sentenced to 3 days in jail in town 4 miles from where his family lived. Father heard about arrest. (Auto 98).

1894: ordered off the camp grounds. (Auto 103) 

1994, Dec. W says his female impersonation sprees started "December (1894) of my senior year."(FIs 103); during his senior year at university in NYC. Auto 103)  Won college prizes. "I Become a High-Class Fairie" in NYC. (Auto 104) 14th Street area. (Auto 105) (IS THERE A PUBLISHED LIST OF WHAT GRADUATES WON PRIZES AT COLUMBIA AND NYU IN 1895, especially in philology and linguistics.) "Farewell" to 14th Street (Auto 112)

1895, January: Werther says: "On one of my earliest visits to Paresis Hall—about January, 1895" (FIs 150)

1995, June: Stuyvesant Square; meets guys there. (FIs 130)

1896: “during this year, 1896, I read Krafft-Ebing’s ‘Psychpoathic Sexualis,’ besides a number of articles on inversion which had beenb published in American and European journals. I availed myself of the library of the New York Academy of Medicine. Some years later I read there Havelock Ellis’s ‘Sexual Inversion.’” (Auto 69)

"YEAR 1896-1 BECOME A LOW-CLASS FAIRIE" (Auto 118)

1897: Werther says: "I . . . was in my second year of year of graduate school" in 1897, and was expelled for being an androgyne, after a doctor Werther had consulted reported Werther to the president of the school. This was not one of he doctors mentioned by name. (Auto. 116-117.) Also describes being anally raped in 1897 and "YEAR 1897-I REFORM" (Auto 130)

1898: "YEAR 1898" (Auto 148)

1899: Werther, "at the age of twenty-five," wrote the Autobiography up to that age. But the book took 18 years to publish. (Auto. 17; Werther, "The Fairie Boy" 436.)

"during my five months' sojourn in Europe (Auto 151); "In 1899 I was attracted by the German and the Dutch soldiers, but incomparably less than by the American soldier." (Auto 152)

"In 1899, at the age of twenty-five, I successfully, as Jennie June, passed for twenty. At the close of my open career, when I was thirty-one, I passed for twenty-four." (Auto 153)

1900: "in 1900, as soon as I had this autobiography ready for publication, I submitted it to Mr. [Anthony] Comstock...." (Auto. 33)

c. 1900-1905?: ARREST! Werther says that "A few years out of college" (a "university") he was arrested, tried, and sent from "jail" to "state's prison" identified as Sing Sing. Witnesses from the slums tesfified against her/him. (Source: Werther, "The Fairie Boy" 436. Refers to this vaguely as happening to someone not named. (Auto 110) See "arrest"

1902: Werther is castrated at age 28. (1874 + 28 = 1902; Auto 83)

1902, Summer: "FROLICKING WITH SOLDIERS  From this date on, in the summer of 1902, until the summer of 1905, which saw the close of my open career as a fairie, I made it a practice to spend an evening (in warm weather generally including the afternoon) one week at Ft. Y, and the alternate week at Ft. X." (Auto 164)

1903: "EVENTS OF 1903  I shall now describe a chain of events which led up to my complaining in person to the colonel commanding Ft. X." Writes as "Jennie June" (Auto 169)

1903, August 3: Werther letter to "dark-eyed sargeant" (Auto 169)

c. 1904: In November 1892 Werther speaks of a 12 year career as a "fairie". 1892 + 12 = 1904. Is that when he was arrested, tried and sent to Sing Sing? (Auto 77)

1905: Werther says (Female Impersonators 94) "As a result of my 1905 court-martial making the names 'Ralph Werther' and 'Jennie June' known to some army heads, I found it advisable, when in 1907 renewing my kind of army life for seven years, to choose new masculine and feminine names. I feared it might become known to army heads that the fairie 'Jennie June' had transferred 'her' stage for female-impersonation to a distant military post. Hence the substitutions of 'Earl Lind' and 'Pussie.'" See "arrest" above, several entries. No other reference to Werther's "court-martial" in Female Impersonators. But on 257 Werther says common soldiers should not be treated to such hard jail terms via court-martial. 

Also in 1905: Werther reports being arrested. Is visiting a barracks, goes to a “beer garden” in a neighboring village where he/she is arrested and taken to the “White Plains jail.” (FIs 209) Elsewhere in this book (FIs 94) Werther says he/she can’t use the names Jennie June or Ralph Werther because of a “court martial” in 1905 that was known “to some army heads.” Werther was arrested near the “distant military post” with six soldiers (seven total people arrested). Not clear the soldiers were charged so there may be no record of them. This seems to be a different arrest than that which sent Werther to Sing Sing.Werther says: "1905, when my open career as a soldier's mignon became a thing of the past." (Auto 100)  Search terms: 1905, White Plains jail, Jennie June, Ralph Werther. Also see: "EVENTS OF 1905" (Auto 182-)

Werther refers to a "blackmail" attempt "in 1905, when the thirst for money suddenly put an end to my association with soldiers of one fort and almost occasioned my murder." (Auto 164)

1905, July: R.W. Shufeldt, M.D., “The Medico-Legal Consideration of Perverts and Inverts,” Pacific Medical Journal, 48. (July 1905): 385-393. Shufeldt talks here about knowing Werther-June, who Shufeldt says died before age 30. Shufeldt refers to "the day of self-destruction, which occurred before 30 years of age." (393) But in Werther-June's Autobiography he/she speaks of him/herself numbers of times as being in her/his mid-forties, around 1919.(e.g. 26, 27, 45) Is it significant of something important that Shufeldt describes Werther/June as dead at an early age? Randall Sell thinks that "Earl Lind" presented himself to Shufeldt as the agent for Werther-June, who Lind told Shufeldt, had killed himself. The caption under Werther's photo (SOURCE ?) says: "Ralph Werther" at 33 -- from 19 to 31 a female impersonator and amateur fairie under name of Jennie June'.'" If Werther was born in 1874, he was 31 in 1905 and 33 in 1907. Why did he stop his Jennie June persona after 31?

1905: Got syphilis in 1905 Werther says (Auto 107)

1905: Werther says in 1905 he was seriously assaulted by a gang of boys and considered taking them to court, but advised not to.(Auto ? 115)

1905, Spring: "1905-FAREWELL TO THE MEN OF FORTS X AND Y  Through no resolve of my own, the early spring of 1905 saw the end of my association with men of Ft. X. For several months they were in Maryland, taking part in the army manoeuvres. On their return I did not renew my visits because of taking up my residence in a distant city." (Auto ?)

1905 (after events above): "Now in 1905, a few weeks after my disaster at the hands of men of Ft. Z, I was for the first time able to leave New York permanently." (Auto 185)

1905, November: Howard, William Lee, M.D. "TWO SOULS IN ONE BODY: A REALISTIC BUT SCIENTIFIC ACCOUNT OF A TRUE PSYCHOLOGICAL, The Arena; Nov 1905; VOL. XXXIV., No. 192, pp. 476-479. See the account of Jennie/Karl, pp. 477-479. In the context of this chronology, Jonathan Ned Katz believes this Jennie/Karl is certainly Jennie June (November 19, 2021). OutHistory is grateful to Benjamin A. Kahan for discovering this document and permitting OutHistory to list it.

1907: "YEAR 1907-ALONE IN ROCKIES' WILDS  In  1907 I had occasion to make a trip in an uninhabited region. My adolescent companions, who had spent a large part of their lives in the wilds of the Rocky Mountains, had prostitutes as the main subject of their conversation." (Auto 189)

1907: "FIRST "ADOPTED SON" In  1907 I removed to a city of several hundred thousand inhabitants. As I frequently felt a sense of utter loneliness and melancholia during my two years of practical sexual isolation-for I never indulged in even flirtation with adolescents of my every-day circle-I decided to seek a mate at a military post a few miles from the city." (Auto 189)

c. 1909: Werther worked in an office in a "provincial" city in his mid-30s. (1874 + 35 = 1909; Auto. 26)

1914: "my sexual life was retreating more and more into the background, so that I became rather indifferrent as to my physical and psychical life" by age 40. (1874 + 40 = 1914. Auto 45)

"In 1914 business took me back to New York. My "son's" enlistment was soon to expire, and he was to join me there." (Auto 190)

1916: "SECOND "ADOPTED SON" During the summer of 1916, when my "son" left New York, I became anxious to be possessed of a second."

1916? or 1917?: Werther says that 5 years before Female Impersonators was either revised (in 1921?) or pubished in 1922, he/she meets two "artillery men" who ask Werther to dress as a woman and visit their barracks. (Female Impersonators, 210; date is suggested by dated note on page 209.) Werther dresses as a woman and goes to the barracks (Female Impersonators 211); then goes to a “beer-garden in a neighboring village" (Female Impersonators 212); soldier friends get drunk and start a fight around 11 pm and Werther is arrested with soldiers and confesses to being a man in women's clothes; all are locked up for night; next day a Justice-of-the-Peace frees the soldiers but says Werther has to pay $100 fine for female impersonation or go to jail for 30 days; is taken by constable to "White Plains jail." Werther spends another night in jail, and then Werther's NY lawyer bails Werther out. (Female Impersonators 213) 

1917: Werther gets gohorrhea. (Auto 107)

"YEAR 1917  Arrived in my 45th year and at practically the close of my vita sexualis [sexual life], my advice to the youthful invert just embarking on the journey of life is not to be disheartened over his fate." (Auto 194)

1918, April. Werther's "Preface" to Autobiography is dated thus. (Auto. 18) Werther says: "But now (1918), in my middle forties, I am reconciled to growing old." If he was born in 1874 he would have been 45 in 1919, so it adds up corectly.

1918, May: Business Associate of Werther's writes "Impressions of the Author." (Auto 197-200)

1918, October: "Conclusion" of Autobiography says: "October 1918). (Auto 196)

ALSO: Werther, Ralph--Jennie June. "The Fairie Boy. An Autobiographical Sketch." American Journal of Urology and Sexology (October 1918) v. 14, n. 10: 433-37. Two photos of author between pages 434 and 435. The American Journal was edited by William J. Robinson, M.D. Accessed February 18, 2016 from https://archive.org/stream/americanjournalo1419unse#page/432/mode/2up/search/Fairie

1918, November: Werther, Ralph--Jennie June. "The Girl-Boy's Suicide." American Journal of Urology and Sexology , v. 14, n. 11 (November 1918): 495-99.

c. 1919: Werther worked in an office in NYC around age mid-40s. (Auto. 26)

1919, January: Werther, Ralph. Autobiography of an Androgyne. NY: Medico-Legal Press, 1918. Werther says Autobiography was published January 1919. (Female Impersonators 3)

Reprinted with an Introduction by Scott Nearing. Rutger's University Press, February 2008. Publisher's description of reprint: . . . Ralph Werther's Autobiography of an Androgyne charts his emerging self-understanding as a member of the "third sex" and documents his explorations of queer underworlds in turn-of-the-century New York City. Werther presents a sensational life narrative that begins with a privileged upper-class birth and a youthful realization of his difference from other boys. He concludes with a decision to undergo castration. Along the way, he recounts intimate stories of adolescent sexual encounters with adult men and women, escapades as a reckless "fairie" who trolled Brooklyn and the Bowery in search of working-class Irish and Italian immigrants, and an immersion into the subculture of male "inverts." This new edition also includes a critical introduction by Scott Herring that situates the text within the scientific, historical, literary, and social contexts of urban American life in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Tracing how this pioneering autobiography engages with conversations on immigration, gender, economics, metropolitan working-class culture, and the invention of homosexuality across class lines, this edition is ideal for courses on topics ranging from Victorian literature to modern American sexuality.

1919, January 30 and February 26: murder of two androgynes discussed in The Female-Impersonators (1922), Part 6, pages 222-236.
Research in Newspapers.com indicates that the two murder victims referenced were Winfield Scott Philhower, reported in The New-York Tribune, January 30, 1919, p. 14, and George H. Robee, reported in The New-York Tribune, February 26, p. 6.
Thanks to Kyle Phalen for discovering the news reports of the two murders.

1920: Werther, Ralph-Jennie June. "Ralph Werther-Jennie June". [The quote marks around the name are in the original document.] "The Biological Sport of Fairie-ism." Written 1920 for Victor Robinson. Published in: Medical Review of Reviews (Anthropos 2) 40 2, (1934) 40: 185-96.1934).

1920: Werther, Ralph-Jennie June. “Ralph Werther-Jennie June” [quote marks in original.] "Studies in Androgynism." Medical Life (NY), (1920) 27: 235-46.  The Medical Life article is available full text through the HathiTrust 
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158009117754?urlappend=%3Bseq=71

1921: Werther, Ralph. "Ralph Werther (Jennie June)." “A Fairie’s Reply to Dr. Lichtenstein,” Medical Review of Reviews, volume 27 (1921): <PP?> Copy on way Feb 26, 2016.

1921: Werther, Ralph. Earl Lind (Ralph Werther-Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921
http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind 

1921, January 23: In part 5 of The Female Impersonators (p. 221, n. 3) the author mentions reading on January 24, 1921, about an 18 year old "girl-boy" who committed suicide in NYC: "Just the day I retyped the above (Jan. 24, 1921) I read how a girl-boy of eighteen committed suicide in New York City by jumping from a thirty-five foot bridge upon railroad tracks. Adolescent androgynes are continually putting an end to their lives because bitterly persecuted merely on account of their bisexuality and most unfeelingly told by their closest associates that they are deeply depraved, and because prohibited by the leaders of thought from acquiring scientific knowledge of their idiosyncrasy." This is the case of Kermit Engelhart, dead at 18 in NYC, found on railroad tracks on January 23, 1921, reported in The New York Times on January 24. The only difference between the reports is that June unambiguously refers to it as a suicide, but the newspaper coverage says there was debate over whether it was suicide or murder. "Mystery in Death of Boy Choir Singer," New York Times, January 24, 1921, p. 2. Research discovery in Newspapers.com thanks to Kyle Phalen.

1922: Werther, Ralph - Jennie June ("Earl Lind"). The Female-Impersonators; a Sequel to the Autobiography of an Androgyne and an Account of Some of the Author's Experiences During his Six Years' Career as Instinctive Female-impersonator in New York's Underworld. Introduction and Edited by Alfred Waldemar Horzog (1866-1933), NY: Medico-Legal Journal, 1922. Photographic reprint: NY: Arno Press, 1975. Original accessed February 17, 2016 from https://archive.org/details/femaleimpersonat00wert  ANY REVIEWS ????

1934: [Werther, Ralph-Jennie June [name used ?] "The Biological Sport of Fairie-ism." Written 1920 for Victor Robinson. Published: Medical Review of Reviews (Anthropos 2) 40 2, (1934) 40: 185-96.1934).

1994: Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books, 1994. (Discusses Werther.) 

1975: Douglas, Don. "The Gay, 'Gay 90s'." Gay Scene (New York, NY), April 1975, Issue 11, p. 4. (1478 words). Early story in the gay press retelling Ralph Werther's history. Gale, Centage Learning [electronic database].

1996 - 1997: Eskridge, Jr., Wililiam N. "Law and the Construction of the Closet: American Regulation of Same-Sex Intimacy, 1880-1946." 82 Iowa L. Rev. 1007 1996-1997  (Without citing a source, Eskridge says "Ralph Werther's double life was literally lived in two different spaces: he was a schleppy if somewhat effeminate man at the uptown university and a girlish fairy downtown." 1105) 

1994: Gilfoyle, Timothy J. City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution and the Commericialization of Sex, 1780-1920. NY: W. W. Norton, 1994. (Mentions Ralph Werther-Jennie June.)

2008: Herring, Scott. "Introduction" in Ralph Werther, Autobiography of an Androgyne, ed. Scott Herring (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 

2013: Kahan, Benjamin. Celibacies: American Modernism and Sexual Life (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013).

2013: Kahan, Benjamin. "The Walk-in Closet: Situational Homosexuality and Homosexual Panic in Lillian Hellman's The Children's Hour," Criticism 55.2 (2013): 177-201. 

2012: Looby, Christopher. “Sexuality’s Aesthetic Dimension: Kant and the Autobiography of an Androgyne,” in American Literature’s Aesthetic Dimensions, ed. Cindy Weinstein and Christopher Looby (Columbia Univ. Press, 2012), 156-77.

2011: Meyerowitz, Joanne. “Thinking Sex with an Androgyne” GLQ 17.1 (2011): 97-105.

2003: Neihart, Ben. Rough Rough Amusements: The True Story of A'Lelia Walker… (Kindle Edition). NY; Bloomsbury, 2003. (Jennie June is a character in this fictional recreation.) 

2013: Sheehan, Aaron. “Strolling through the Slums of the Past: Ralph Werther’s Love Affair with Victorian Womanhood in Autobiography of an Androgyne,” PMLA 128.4 (2013): 923-937.

2008, May: Stein, Melissa Norelle. A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History written under the direction of  Mia Bay and approved by Mia Bay, Nancy Hewitt, Ann Fabian, Keith Wailoo, Marc Stein, New Brunswick, New Jersey [May, 2008] (Analyses Werther's self-presentation.)

2007: White, Edmund. Hotel de Dream: A New York Novel. NY HarperCollins, 2007. (Jennie June appears as a character in this fiction.)