Justice Weekly and Homophile Publishing
On May 22, 1954, D.C. Benedetti published a letter in the Toronto tabloid Justice Weekly, calling for Canadian gays to organize.[1] He cited the example of the Mattachine Foundation, founded in Los Angeles in 1950. Part of the letter read:
“There is (from my opinion) absolutely no reason whatsoever as to why we Canadians cannot get together and organize, as did our neighbours across the border…. In closing then and using what I believe to be the Mattachine’s motto I quote: ‘On guard, America! The mincing males are on the march and the hand that’s on the hip to-day may slap your face tomorrow!’”[2]
What a remarkable statement considering the state of gay life in Toronto at the time. The year 1954 was fully ten years before the formation of the first Canadian homophile group (the Association for Social Knowledge in Vancouver), ten years before the first Canadian gay periodical was published (GAY in Toronto), and a full fifteen years before Stonewall, the partial decriminalization of homosexual acts in Canada through Bill C–150, or the formation of a gay group in Toronto (the University of Toronto Homophile Association).[3]
Our common assumption is that the period before 1964 in Toronto was a furtive wasteland for lesbians and gay men, where a few clandestine clubs, bars, and meeting places served the needs of a still very much underground community. Perhaps, in reality, there was more going on than expected.
What had set Benedetti off? He mentions an article on the Mattachine Foundation published in the May 1954 issue of the sensational American gossip magazine Confidential.[4] Benedetti had also been following the issues of Justice Weekly, a Toronto tabloid published weekly by Philip H. Daniels from 1946 to 1972, and this is where he published his letter.
Philip H. Daniels and the Origin of Justice Weekly
Philip H. Daniels was born in England on May 19, 1894, and came to Canada in 1911. Before the First World War he worked as a professional boxer, promoter, and sports writer, and was popularly known as “Darkey” Daniels. He served with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the First World War and at the end of the war began his association with the newspaper business as the editor of an army paper, The Siberian Bugle, based in Vladivostok, Siberia. This led to a long and varied career in journalism in Toronto, at various times working as the editor of Canadian Sports and Daily Racing Form, associate editor of Sports Weekly, and reporter for the Toronto Daily News (later The Times). During the Second World War, Daniels returned to serve in the Canadian army for almost five years. Sergeant-Major Daniels was the editor of The Bullet, the official weekly army newspaper for Military District No. 2 and Camp Borden.
Daniels was introduced to the tabloid press through an association with Flash, established in 1938, a leading Toronto tabloid of the day. It was published by John Blunt Publications Ltd., which after 1943 was controlled by majority shareholder Louis Ruby (1901–1979). In mid-1945 Daniels became the temporary editor of Flash when Joseph F. Tensee (1912–1988) became ill and had to spend several months in hospital. When Tensee returned to Flash late in 1945, Daniels decided to start Justice Weekly as an alternative to similar local tabloids (particularly Flash and Hush Free Press) that he thought were more interested in making money than in exposing the truth, or working for “justice.” By using his wartime connections, Daniels was able to secure a publisher’s licence from the Wartime Prices and Trades Board, and an allotment of newsprint, and began publishing the first week of January 1946.[5]
Every issue of Justice Weekly looked pretty much the same from its first issue in 1946 to the last in 1972. Published weekly on Saturday, it was printed in black ink on newsprint, with very few illustrations. It was always sixteen pages and had a trim size of 11 by 8.5 inches. Justice Weekly regularly published letters, personal advertisements, editorial columns, local and international news items, and—from 1954—plenty of reprinted articles from the nascent American homophile press. It also offered one of the few print outlets in post‑World War Two Canada that not only allowed—but in some contexts even normalized—erotic expression and dissenting sexual perspectives. Its issues provide a rare glimpse into expressions of non‑mainstream sexuality in a period generally characterized by censorship and conservative norms.[6] While primarily centered on criminal justice and punishment, Justice Weekly eventually came to display a curious and significant engagement with erotically charged content—particularly around discipline, fetishism, corporal punishment, and cross‑dressing. Some of the content, including letters to the editor and items dealing with corporal punishment, was later repackaged into anthologies and sold again.[7] This study, however, will focus on Justice Weekly’s queer content.
James Egan and the Introduction of Homophile Articles to Justice Weekly
James Leo Egan (1921–2000) is regarded as Canada’s pioneering gay activist.[8] In 1949 he began to write letters to the editor in response to misleading or sensational reports on homosexuality published in the press. He targeted magazines and newspapers and by 1950 some of his letters began to be published in Toronto tabloids such as Flash and True News Times (TNT), as well as mainstream publications like the Globe and Mail. He generally used the initials J.L.E. (James Leo Egan), which would continue until the late 1950s, when he began to use James Egan.
In May 1951 Egan had a breakthrough when he persuaded the editor of True News Times (TNT), Theo L.J. Greenslade, to publish a series of seven articles entitled “Aspects of Homosexuality.” The series appeared weekly, from November 19 to December 31, 1951. Each article presented a positive outlook on homosexuality and discussed everything from history, legislation, and scientific studies to gay “marriage” and public attitudes towards gays. This was likely the first substantial series of articles published in Canada from a gay point of view.[9] They no doubt boosted Egan’s confidence and were a sign of more articles to come.
Justice Weekly published at least seven letters by Egan from May 19, 1951, to November 21, 1953. By 1953 Egan would have been known to Philip Daniels, not only for these letters but through the publication of his series in TNT. Daniels then agreed to publish a longer and more wide-ranging series of articles by Egan, “Homosexual Concepts,” starting weekly in December 1953 and ending February 27, 1954. There were twelve columns in total. Egan introduced the Mattachine Society, wrote about ONE Magazine (an early homophile movement magazine published in California), discussed the Kinsey Report on male sexual behaviors, wrote on recent scandals involving Sir John Gielgud and the Lord Montagu of Beaulieu affair, and explored gay history, gay stereotypes, gays and the media, gay bars, and other topics. After “Homosexual Concepts,” Justice Weekly published a second, untitled series on homosexual topics by Egan, which ran weekly from March 6, 1954, through June 12, 1954.
Egan confessed in Challenging the Conspiracy of Silence that both he and Daniels were disappointed in the public response to Egan’s columns. All started well, but by December 29, 1953, it was evident that the series would not be a success. Though they had both hoped that the unusual and controversial pieces written in Egan’s contrarian style would attract more readers, and revenue, this was not to be. Only a few readers wrote letters in response, and there was no boost in circulation. We really don’t know how many gay readers saw the magazine, and many may have been reluctant to write letters in response.
Daniels had been generous to Egan, giving him the opportunity to introduce a gay-positive point of view into the Canadian press. And he had paid Egan $10 per column when Egan was not expecting payment at all; Egan was making only $30 per week at the time from his primary job preparing specimens for a biological supply company.[10] But on December 29, 1953, Daniels wrote a formal letter to Egan:
“Enclosed cheque for ten dollars, will be the last one for material submitted. Lack of reader response does not justify any further expenditure for this type of material. Circulation has shown no noticeable increase and letters have been received from only two readers, one of whom I feel you know pretty well [Egan himself].
However, I am prepared to continue with the series but can continue to do so only on a non-cost basis. Let me know how you feel about the matter by return mail.”[11]
After publication of the last column on June 12, 1954, Egan contributed an additional three letters to Justice Weekly, plus two articles, the last of which was published in June 1961. Both articles were published originally in ONE Magazine and then reprinted in Justice Weekly. In 1955 Egan and his partner, Jack Nesbit, decided to move and bought a farm in Chesley, Ontario, which would keep them busy for the next three years.
Why did Philip Daniels agree to publish these articles and allow for the introduction of a gay point of view in Justice Weekly? We see that hopes of boosting circulation were dashed, and yet Daniels allowed continued publication of Egan’s work if Egan agreed to work for free. It is very unlikely that in the 1950s, at least, Daniels was especially supportive of what would later become known as gay liberation. Daniels stated what we might call a libertarian position clearly in 1959:
‘“Justice’ carries articles on homosexuals because I believe in throwing my columns open to everybody. Homosexuality has become an engrossing theme the world over judging by recent happenings, as for instance the appointment of the Wolfenden committee and its most interesting report. I am not a homosexual, nor do I condone their way of living. At the same time I do not condemn them, that is as long as they stay among themselves and leave heterosexuals alone. And I do believe in presenting their side of the story. That is what a newspaper is for—or should be.”[12]
Justice Weekly published homophile articles, but it was primarily concerned with “justice.” Some of its content recounted recent court cases, including accounts of local police sweeps on queer people in parks, washrooms, and elsewhere. People charged and convicted of gross indecency, for example, routinely had their name, age, occupation, and residence address listed in the paper. Daniels even boasted that the mainstream press, such as the Toronto Daily Star, had started to follow his lead by reporting on the arrests of homosexuals and disclosing personal details of the accused.[13]
The queer-related content in Justice Weekly was controversial, but Daniels published it anyway. Although pro-queer material did not result in a boost in circulation, at least initially, Daniels allowed its publication if he could get the content at no expense. Before Egan stopped publishing his regular contributions in Justice Weekly in 1954, he suggested that Daniels write to some of the foreign gay papers and arrange an exchange subscription with them. He also encouraged Daniels to secure permission to reprint some of their material. Daniels did this, with great results. A letter from William Lambert [W. Dorr Legg], the business manager of ONE Incorporated, to James Egan dated January 7, 1954, confirms this:
“We have been delighted to see what you have been writing for ‘Justice Weekly’. Its editor has also written us and offered us an exchange subscription, which we are of course accepting. He has so far sent us each of the copies concerned, including the one announcing the project [‘Homosexual Concepts’].”[14]
A subsequent letter from Lambert [Legg] to Philip Daniels, dated January 17, 1955, sealed the deal:
“We have followed with much interest the series of articles on homosexuality which you have run and the articles and stories from ONE you have reprinted.
For some time we have been wanting to find time to ask one thing of you: that when you reprint anything from ONE you include a byline ‘Copyrighted 1953 (4 or whatever) by ONE, Incorporated, Los Angeles, California.’ This is something we are required to include in every issue by the Library of Congress.
Inasmuch as we wish to preserve our copyrights intact all that is necessary is that you then include the line: ‘Reprinted by permission.’ This we in general glad to grant.”[15]
By the February 6, 1954, issue of Justice Weekly Daniels was reproducing articles from ONE Magazine regularly. Starting with the issue of February 5, 1955, each reprint included the ONE copyright notice and indicated that it was “Reprinted by Permission.”[16] Many dozens of other articles followed, reprinted from ONE and other gay and lesbian publications, including the Ladder (San Francisco), Mattachine Review (San Francisco), Tangents (Hollywood), and, through these, reprints of items from the European homophile press, including Arcadie (Paris), Der Kreis/Le Cercle (Zurich), Vennen (Copenhagen), and Vriendschap (Amsterdam).[17] Reprints continued to appear in Justice Weekly, in diminishing frequency, until 1972, its final year of publication.
An Analysis of Reprinted Homophile Articles in Justice Weekly
Other tabloids published in Toronto during the 1940s through the 1960s contained homophile content as well. For example, several tabloids published explicitly queer material in the form of gossip columns. Examples included Masque in True News Times (TNT) succeeded by Mother Goose’s “A Study in Lavender”; “Fairy Tales Are Retold” in The Rocket; “Fairy Tales from Mother Goose” in The Comet; and Bettina’s “Toronto Fairy-Go-Round” in Tab, succeeded in the same publication by Lady Bessborough’s (and later Duke Gaylord’s) “The Gay Set.”[18] James Egan was not impressed by these, particularly some of the “stupid, nasty remarks that appeared there.” He dismissed them as being “filled with innuendo, such as ‘What well-known bartender had been out with what well-known queen?’”[19] These columns were hardly promoting gay liberation, but they did have a purpose. For example, queer readers of the columns could clearly find references for local meeting places, as is explored by historian David S. Churchill’s 2004 article “Mother Goose’s Map.”[20]
The original articles (mostly by Egan) and reprints from the homophile press that appeared in Justice Weekly were vastly superior to the gossip columns. The total number of original articles and reprints is staggering. I was able to examine copies of Justice Weekly from its origin in 1946 to the final issue on April 15, 1972. My concentration was on the period 1953 through 1972, tracking Egan’s original contributions and the reprints that followed.[21]
I was able to identify 435 homophile articles, editorials, or news items published in Justice Weekly, listed in the appendix to this article. Some items, such as short stories, were published in parts, and each part was counted separately. Thirty were original articles by Egan and 59 were other original items, including news pieces or commentary. A total of 346 items were reprinted, almost all from the homophile press: 218 from ONE Magazine; 93 from Mattachine Review; 13 from Tangents (including 3 from Tangents Newsletter); 10 from the Ladder; and 12 from other sources. Of the total 435 items, 125 were short stories, including 110 reprinted from ONE Magazine; 10 from Mattachine Review; 4 from the Ladder; and 1 from Tangents.
The result was a massive cornucopia of queer history, commentary, and literature, published at a time when access to such material in Canada was otherwise difficult. Most of the content was aimed at gay men, but there was a significant number of articles for lesbians, particularly those reprinted from the Ladder, as well “feminine viewpoint” articles reprinted from ONE Magazine and short stories. Daniels was able to publish the reprints at no expense, on an exchange and permission basis, which must have pleased him. The hundreds of pages of content also made production of Justice Weekly easier, with a steady flow of quirky and interesting material at the ready to help fill the sixteen pages of each issue. With some exceptions, the material was reprinted within a month or two of its original publication, and Daniels did not have to worry that many of his readers had already seen the original publications. As Justice Weekly had reciprocal arrangements with these publications, Daniels likely hoped that some original material from his publication would be reprinted in the American homophile press. This did happen but was a rare occasion.[22] And, Daniels may have hoped that the homophile publications would place paid advertisements in Justice Weekly. This happened at least once, when Mattachine Review placed a 3.75 x 3.5-inch ad in the October 4, 1958, issue of Justice Weekly, for which it paid $40.[23] For their part, the American homophile publications likely hoped to extend their reach beyond the United States and the reprinting and occasional advertisements would promote that.[24]
The Decline of Homophile Publishing in Justice Weekly, and the End of the Publication
The 1950s was definitely the heyday of homophile publishing in Justice Weekly. From a modest start of seven items published in 1953, the numbers were strong through the rest of the decade: 56 in 1954; 47 in 1955; 53 in 1956; 33 in 1957; 54 in 1958; 42 in 1959. The publications from the 1950s amount to 292, or 67% of the total homophile items published. The decline began in 1960, when only 30 pieces were published. This was also the year that saw the final contribution from the Ladder, although that publication continued until 1972. The years 1961 saw 24 publications, with further declines in 1962 (11) and 1963 (10). For the years 1962 to 1965 the items were mostly sourced from Mattachine Review and ONE Magazine. There was a brief increase in items for 1964 (17) and 1965 (12), but the numbers were all in the single digits from then on: 1966 (7); 1967 (5); 1969 (8); 1970 (9); 1971 (6), and 1972 (4). Note that there were no articles published at all in 1968.
The rift that occurred at ONE, Incorporated, in 1965 affected the reprinting of articles from ONE Magazine in Justice Weekly. The breakaway group, Tangents, coordinated by Don Slater, initially caused confusion. It was all over competing visions of what ONE should be. Dorr Legg and his followers envisioned it as being more of an educational institution, while Slater and his followers were devoted to publishing the magazine. The impasse came to a head in the spring of 1965, when Slater and a few of ONE’s directors and volunteers loyal to the magazine removed materials from ONE’s office, including the magazine’s distribution list, and moved to a warehouse across town. Legg sued, and after a two-year court battle he remained in charge of ONE, Incorporated, the name “ONE,” and ONE Magazine. Slater’s group retained ONE’s archives and the distribution list. Slater had to change the name of his group’s publication, which led to the birth of Tangents Magazine.[25] Philip Daniels discussed “THE WHOLE REGRETTABLE AFFAIR” in an editorial. He urged peace between the two warring parties in order the keep ONE a viable concern:
“Our association with ‘One’—which ‘One’ by the way?—has been A VERY HAPPY ONE. We have permission to print their copyrighted articles and stories, ALL OF WHICH HAVE REAL MERIT. In return they have permission to USE MATERIAL FROM ‘JUSTICE WEEKLY’ although it is a privilege they have availed themselves of sparingly in recent years.”[26]
By the mid-1960s the old reliable homophile magazines, including Mattachine Review and ONE Magazine, started to falter. Their publication schedule diminished and they eventually collapsed, both in 1967. At the same time, a new breed of homophile publication emerged, titles such as Drum (Philadelphia, 1964–69) and Vector (San Francisco, 1964–76), and promoted a new gay sensibility.[27] From 1966 to 1970 Justice Weekly mostly relied on reprints from Tangents (and Tangents Newsletter in 1970), with other sources included as well, most notably the reprints of several articles by Konstantin Berlandt from the Daily Californian, the student newspaper from the University of California, Berkeley. Justice Weekly did not reprint any articles from the new publications like Drum or Vector, and it is not known if Philip Daniels tried to contact them.
Another factor that likely affected the regularity of homophile publication in Justice Weekly was the rise of a home-grown homophile press in Toronto, starting in 1964. A tabloid newspaper aimed at gays arrived in the form of GAY in March 1964, and even expanded internationally as GAY International before its demise in 1966.[28] Similarly, TWO Magazine began publication in July 1964, and focused on the Toronto gay club and drag scene; it also lasted until 1966. In 1971, the first issue of the Body Politic appeared, which quickly became Toronto’s queer newsmagazine of record until its last issue in 1987.
Philip Daniels had suffered several health issues over the years and by 1968 was openly writing about succession planning. At age seventy-four he was facing an operation at Sunnybrook Hospital in Toronto and was contemplating the future of Justice Weekly:
“HOW LONG CAN WE CARRY ON? That is a logical question we have asked ourselves, and many of our relatives and friends have ASKED THE SAME QUESTION. It isn’t so much the age as THE PHYSICAL DISABILITES that will decide it…. However, it won’t be long now before we have to SURRENDER THE RUDDER TO SOMEBODY ELSE—and if any of our readers have any suggestions to offer, please send them along.”[29]
By 1970, Daniels was openly advertising for a working partner:
“WORKING PARTNER WANTED WITH SOME CAPITAL. Preferably one interested in subjects in these columns. Opportunity to Learn Publishing, Editorial and Reportorial Business, to ‘Take Over’ Later On….”[30]
Daniels was ultimately unsuccessful in finding a business partner or successor, and the final issue of Justice Weekly appeared April 15, 1972, after a weekly run of more than twenty-six years. Daniels retired and passed away in Toronto on July 13, 1988, at the age of ninety-four.
Conclusion
Philip Daniels was unpredictable, to say the least. After the passage of the Bill C–150 amendments to the Canadian Criminal Code in 1969, which partially decriminalized homosexual acts in private between consenting adults, he praised the Liberal government for getting the bill done.[31] And yet he could not be called a gay liberationist, at least not of the 1970s variety. Commenting on the “We Demand” rally and march in Ottawa in 1971, Daniels railed against “THIS SO-CALLED ‘GAY LIBERATION MOVEMENT’” and its marches and demonstrations. He insisted that the vast majority of homosexuals “PREFER TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS and not be called anything.” Daniels also was always ready to crack a lame joke, as he explained that “HOMOPHILES INCLUDE MALES AND FEMALES, if you can separate the two.”[32]
And yet, in a backhanded way, Daniels was an essential figure in providing access to homophile news and information in Canada. He may have had self-serving reasons for publishing queer items, such as adding controversial material to Justice Weekly so that it might help to boost circulation; or perhaps exposing Justice Weekly to a larger audience outside Canada through mentions in the homophile press; or just making it easier to reprint materials to offset the drudgery of filling sixteen pages of text week after week, and at no extra cost.
There can be no doubt that beginning in 1953 and continuing to its demise, Justice Weekly represented a de facto homophile press in Canada. It reprinted at least 435 gay-positive essays, stories, editorials, and letters mostly from the nascent American gay press (the Ladder, Mattachine Review, ONE Magazine, Tangents), potentially allowing Canadians access to serious queer topics and to writing by some of the finest homophile authors of the time, years before the establishment of a Canadian queer press of similar quality.
I would like to thank the staff at the following institutions for help with research: The ArQuives: Canada’s LGBTQ+ Archive; The Baldwin Collection, Marilyn and Charles Baillie Special Collections Centre, Toronto Reference Library; Library and Special Collections, Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa; ONE Archives, USC Libraries, Los Angeles; Robarts Library, University of Toronto. Thanks are also due to Daniel Payne.
[1] I assume Benedetti was male but have not been able to verify any details about this person. The name Benedetti may have been a pseudonym, commonly used by gay men of the day, particularly in print.
[2] D.C. Benedetti, “Reader Says Canadian Homos Should Organize,” Justice Weekly, May 22, 1954, 9.
[3] The progress of early queer community organizing in Canada is outlined in Donald W. McLeod, Lesbian and Gay Liberation in Canada: A Selected Annotated Chronology, 1964–1975 (Toronto: ECW Press/Homewood, 1996). See http://hdl.handle.net/1807/4397 (accessed September 16, 2025).
[4] Kenneth Frank, “America, On Guard: Homosexuals, Inc.,” Confidential, May 1954, 18–19.
[5] Details of Daniels’s early career up to the creation of Justice Weekly are in “Introducing Ourselves,” Justice Weekly, January 5, 1946, 4. See also the summary in note 18, Jim Egan, Challenging the Conspiracy of Silence: My Life as a Canadian Gay Activist, ed. Donald W. McLeod (Toronto: Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives and Homewood, 1998), 110. See http://hdl.handle.net/1807/17679 (accessed September 16, 2025).
[6] See Devon Harding, “The Pervert’s New Statesman: Justice Weekly, Advocacy, and Sexuality in Post-war Canada” (MA thesis, Faculty of Arts and Science, Trent University, 2019) and Mary Alison Jacques, “The Newspaperman and the Tabloid: Recovering the History of Philip H. Daniels and Justice Weekly” (PhD dissertation, McGill University, 2004), which contextualize the tabloid’s sexual content and editorial strategies.
[7] Examples include Selected Letters from Justice Weekly (Toronto: Justice Weekly, 1965), and Peter Farrer, Cross Dressing Since the War: Selections from Justice Weekly, 1955–1972 (Liverpool: Karn Publications Garston, 2011).
[8] Egan’s career in activism is outlined in Egan, Challenging the Conspiracy of Silence: My Life as a Canadian Gay Activist.
[9] Egan, Challenging the Conspiracy of Silence, 51.
[10] Ibid., 54.
[11] Philip Daniels to James Egan, December 29, 1953. James Egan Papers, Fonds 0110, The ArQuives: Canada’s LGBTQ2+ Archive, Toronto.
[12] Phil Daniels, “Here Is Answer to Unfair, Untrue Article,” Justice Weekly, March 21, 1959, 16.
[13] “Daily Paper Copies ‘Justice Weekly’ in Printing Arrests of Homosexuals: Over Hundred Rounded Up in Toronto’s High Park; Maximum Penalty Severe,” Justice Weekly, June 15, 1957, 2, 12. There are many examples of articles from Justice Weekly that report on arrests of homosexuals for gross indecency, indecent assault, indecent exposure, or buggery and that include personal details of the men charged. Some of these reports used sensational headlines, such as “Old Hole-In-Wall Technique Employed in Homosexual Orgies in Public Park: Seventeen Sex Diviates (sic) Convicted in Short Time; Fine Is $100 or 15 Days,” Justice Weekly, November 3, 1956, 2, 4.
[14] William Lambert [W. Dogg Legg], Business Manager, ONE Incorporated, to James Egan, January 7, 1954. James Egan Papers, Fonds 0110, The ArQuives: Canada’s LGBTQ2+ Archive, Toronto.
[15] William Lambert [W. Dorr Legg], Business Manager, ONE Incorporated, to Editor, Justice Weekly, January 17, 1954 (sic, 1955). ONE Archives, USC Libraries, Los Angeles. The first article reprinted from ONE Magazine appeared on February 6, 1954. The letter mentioned articles that had already been reprinted, so the letter was likely from 1955.
[16] The notice was generally included, but sometimes not.
[17] Daniels likely wrote to some of these other publications to request permission to reprint articles, as a similar copyright/permission notice appears for items reprinted from Mattachine Review, for example.
[18] Donald W. McLeod, “Tabloid Journalism and the Rise of a Gay Press in Toronto,” in Any Other Way: How Toronto Got Queer, eds. Stephanie Chambers et al. (Toronto: Coach House, 2017), 108–110.
[19] Egan, Challenging the Conspiracy of Silence, 50.
[20] David S. Churchill, “Mother Goose’s Map: Tabloid Geographies and Gay Male Experience in 1950s Toronto,” Journal of Urban History, 30, no. 6 (September 2004): 826–52.
[21] I was unable to locate and examine only five issues: June 20, 1964; February 6, 1965; June 17, 1967; October 5, 1968; December 27, 1969.
[22] For example, “International Report: Life Sentence for Sodomy Reduced to 14 Years,” Mattachine Review, November–December 1955, 36. Original title “Life Sentence for Sodomy Reduced to 14 Years Here,” reprinted from Justice Weekly, August 27, 1955, 12.
[23] The bound set of Justice Weekly located at the Baldwin Collection, Marilyn and Charles Baillie Special Collections Centre, Toronto Reference Library, belonged to the publisher, and the value of each advertisement was marked in pen on the ad in the physical copy.
[24] For more on American-Canadian homophile internationalism see Marc Stein, “Sex with Neighbors: Canada and Canadians in the U.S. Homophile Press,” Journal of Homosexuality, 64, no. 7 (2017): 963–90; also, Marc Stein, Tamara de Szegheo Lang, Shlomo Gleibman et al., “U.S. Homophile Internationalism: Archive and Exhibit, 1953–1964,” OutHistory, outhistory.org/exhibits/show/us-homophile (accessed September 22, 2025).
[25] The rift is discussed in C. Todd White, “Drama, Power and Politics: ONE Magazine, Mattachine Review, and The Ladder in the Era of Homophile Activism,” in Gay Press, Gay Power: The Growth of LGBT Community Newspapers in America, ed. Tracy Baim (Chicago: Prairie Avenue Productions and Windy City Media Group, 2012), 146–47.
[26] Philip H. Daniels, “The Lowdown,” Justice Weekly, September 11, 1965, 12.
[27] See White, “Drama, Power and Politics: ONE Magazine, Mattachine Review, and The Ladder in the Era of Homophile Activism,” 147. See also Rodger Streitmatter, Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1995).
[28] See Donald W. McLeod, A Brief History of GAY: Canada’s First Gay Tabloid, 1964–1966 (Toronto: Homewood, 2003). See http://hdl.handle.net/1807/17421 (accessed September 16, 2025).
[29] Philip H. Daniels, “The Lowdown,” Justice Weekly, June 22, 1968, 12.
[30] Advertisement, Justice Weekly, October 10, 1970, 10.
[31] Philip H. Daniels, “The Lowdown,” Justice Weekly, June 7, 1969, 12.
[32] Philip H. Daniels, “Just Between Ourselves,” Justice Weekly, September 25, 1971, 12.