Bibliography
Primary Sources
Archives
1. Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Woodson Regional Library, Chicago, IL.
Illinois Writers Project: Negro in Illinois Papers, Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Woodson Regional Library, Chicago, IL.
• Chicago – 47th Street, Box 35.
• Chicago – Social Life and Social Uplift, Box 38.
• Native Sons, Rhythm, Box 42.
• Native Sons, Literature, Box 48.
• Native Sons, Music and Art, Box 49.
Charles Walton Papers, Vivian G. Harsh Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Woodson regional Library, Chicago, IL.
Lucy Smith Collier Papers, Vivian Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Woodson Regional Library, Chicago, IL.
2. Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, IL
Gregory Sprague Collection, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, IL.
3. Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
Ernest W. Burgess, Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
Author unknown. “Case of Arthur, Age 20, Colored, Only Child.” Folder 11, Box 98.
Author unknown. “Lester, Negro, age 16, Only Child.” Folder 11, Box 98.
Author unknown. “The Gobblins” Folder 11, Box 98.
Bentzen, Conrad. “Negro, Walt Lewis, Age 17.” Folder 11, Box 98.
Bentzen, Conrad. “Notes on the Homosexual in Chicago.” Folder 10, Box 146
Lewis, Walt. “My Life Story by Walt Lewis.”
Lewis, Walt. “My story of Fags, Freaks and Women Impersonators.” Folder 11, Box 98.
No author, “Johnny Ryan.” Folder 11, Box 98.
Vollmer, Myles. “The New Year’s Eve Drag,” Box 139, Folder 2.
Oral Interviews
Banyard, Lorenzo, Interviewed by Allen Drexel, Chicago, IL, February 27, 1994. Allen Drexel Private Collection, New York, NY [Tape recording and transcript in possession of the author].
Cristion, Jacques, Interviewed by Allen Drexel. Chicago, IL, February 21, 1994. Allen Drexel Private Collection, New York, NY. [Tape recording in possession on the author].
Articles
The Chicago Tribune
“Clear Female Impersonator in Strangling.” Chicago Daily Tribune. September 26, 1950, 14.
“Cops Seize Female Impersonator, 29, for Quiz in Slaying.” The Chicago Daily Tribune. September 25, 1950, 16.
“Most Beautiful Woman that’s Robert Weiss, U of C.” Chicago Daily Tribune. May, 8 1935, 13.
“Seize Female Impersonators for Robbery.” Chicago Daily tribune. November 21, 1960, 3.
The Chicago Defender
“Accuse Ex Boxer of Cutting Throat of Baby Sitter, 15.” Daily Defender. October 23, 1958, 6.
“Around and About.” Daily Defender. November 6, 1956, 14.
“Arrest South Side Mom As Female Impersonator.” Chicago Daily Defender. July 7, 1965.
“At Joe’s.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). December 9, 1939, 20.
“Boy Meets Girl At Halloween Ball.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). November 10, 1951, 3.
“Bronzeville in Chicago by James J. Gentry.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). June 12, 1937, 21.
“Bronzeville Mayor Still Joe Hughes.” The Chicago Defender. November 2, 1940, 1.
“Bronzeville Plans a Gay New Year’s Eve.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). January 1, 1938, 18.
“Bronzeville’s First Lady Set For Inauguration.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). February 1, 1941, 17.
“Chicago Has Real Talent in Cabarets.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). February 1, 1936, 9.
“Club Delisa Packed Nightly For New Show.” The Chicago Defender. October 25, 1938, 19.
“DeLisa Garden to Begin Decorating.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). September 28, 1935, 8.
“Dixie Jean Has Party At Creole.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). October 1 1938, 18.
“Everybody Goes – When the Wagon Comes by Al Monroe.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). November 30, 1935, 5.
“Everybody Goes When The Wagon Comes.” The Chicago Defender. July 21, 1962, 20.
“Female Impersonator Killed by Cop in W. Side Street Brawl.” Chicago Daily Defender (Big Weekend Edition). November 28, 1970, 1.
“Find Musician Dead in Hotel.” Daily Defender. June 1958, 3,1.
“Finnies Club Plans Masquerade ball.” Daily Defender. October 21, 1957, 17.
“Five Female Impersonators, others Nabbed at Lounge.” Chicago Daily Defender. April 5, 1966, 5.
“Fred Carter Host at Gay Swing Party.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). July 6, 1940.
“Gloria Goes To 101 Ranch.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). January 29, 1938, 12.
“Gloria Swanson Buried in Harlem.” The Chicago Defender. May 4, 1940, 2.
“Here and There by Bob Hayes.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). July 27, 1940, 20.
“Here and There.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). July, 27 1940.
“Impersonator’s Ball at Modern Oct 31.” Daily Defender (Daily Edition). October 17 1957, 20.
“Impersonators Ball at Roberts.” Daily Defender. October 31, 1956, 7.
“Impersonators Play Hard on Halloween.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). November 8, 1952, 3.
“Jerry Jones Disc Show’s At Kitty Kat.” Daily Defender. September 7, 1960, 16.
“Jewel Box Revue at Roberts Tonite.” Daily Defender. May 8, 1958, 17.
“Jewel Box Revue Awes Theaters Goers.” The Chicago Defender. September 10, 1960, 19.
“Jewel Box Revue Still Going Strong.” Chicago Daily Defender. January 21, 1963, 13.
“Jimmie Noone’s Band All Set For Cabin Inn.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). September 9, 1939, 20.
“Kitty Kat’s Amusements Drinks Tops.” Chicago Daily Defender. April 3, 1961, 17.
“Mae West to Invade the Coast.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). October 19, 1935, 9.
“Masqueraders’ Prize Won By Mrs Chambers.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). November 20 1937, 17.
“Mayor of Bronzeville To Be Inaugurated Soon.” The Chicago Defender. January 25, 1941, 18.
“Neighbor’s Tip Foils Intruder.” The Chicago Defender. February 23, 1957, 3.
“New Image in WCIUTV’s Future.” Chicago Daily Defender. May 2, 1967, 9.
“Nite Spotting in Bronzeville.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). May 1, 1937, 20.
“Royal Twenty Party Voted Big Success, Joe’s Deluxe Club is Scene of Jamboree.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). June 8, 1940, 15.
“Sam Fouche in City.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). November 9, 1935, 8.
“Seek 2 female impersonators.” Chicago Daily Defender. May 28, 1975, 2.
“Sex Play ends in Death.” Chicago Defender. August 19, 1974.
“Shotgun Blast Ends life of Sex Swindler.” Chicago Daily Defender. January 5, 1965, 3.
“Show At Joe Hughes’ is Hot, Tuneful and Pretty.” The Chicago Defender. March 6, 1943, 19.
“So They Say.” Daily Defender. October 31, 1957, 25.
“Stardom Gay Follies Presents Awards to Winners.” The Chicago Defender. August 26, 1975, 16.
“Swinging the News.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). December 20, 1947, 9.
“The Club Set.” The Chicago Daily Defender. October 3, 1970, 22.
“Trap Thief in Woman’s Garb Invades Mme. Joyner’s Home.” Daily Defender. February 19, 1957, 1.
“Ziggy Johnson Back As Deluxe Producer.” The Chicago Defender (National Edition). December 2, 1949, 26.
No Title. Daily Defender. December 3, 1957, 19
No Title. Daily Defender. October 22, 1957, 2.
No Title. The Chicago Defender. July 22, 1961, 10.
No Title. The Chicago Defender. November 12, 1955, 2.
Ebony Magazine
“Chicago Leaders Have It Rough.” Ebony. January 1956.
“Do Negro Hate Themselves?” Ebony. March 1949.
“Dunbar High: World’s Finest trade School.” Ebony. June 1957.
“Female Impersonators.” Ebony. March 1953.
“Female Impersonators.” Ebony. May 1948.
“Female Impersonators: Unique Chicago Night Club Features make-believe Ladies as Entertainers.” Ebony, March 1948.
“Gone Too Far.” Ebony. April 1957.
“House Rent Parties.” Ebony. August 1953.
“I Am A Woman Again.” Ebony. August 1952.
“it’s Time For New Faces.” Ebony. June 1953.
“Land of the Till Murder.” Ebony. April 1956.
“Return of the Native Son.” Ebony. December 1951.
“Sex In Prison.” Ebony. July 1951.
“Sex in the Church.” Ebony. November 1951.
“Teen-age love Clubs.” Ebony. April 1952.
“The House We Live In.” Ebony. January 1945.
“The Man Who Lived 30 years as A Woman.” Ebony. October 1951.
“The Negro veteran Tests America.” Ebony. May 1946.
“The Rise and Fall of Prophet Hones.” Ebony. October 1956.
“The School That Bias Built.” Ebony. December 1955.
“The Shame of Chicago.” Ebony. December 1951.
“The Sheep Are Straying.” Ebony. October 1953.
“Top Radio Ministers,” Ebony. September 1949.
“Wanted: Jobs For A Million vets,” Ebony, September 1946.
“What WAC’s do About Love,” Ebony, August 1954.
“Will US Cities become Negro?” Ebony, August 1952.
Jet Magazine
“2500 Impersonators Frolic.” Jet. December 19, 1953.
“Cops nab DC Busboy who Poses as Woman.” Jet. July 1, 1954.
“Gay Affair Names Queen.” Jet. November 15, 1957.
“Hefty Funmaker.” Jet. December 9, 1954.
“Male or Female?” Jet. December 13, 1951.
“Nab female Impersonator who solicited Policeman.” Jet. May 28, 1953.
Chicago Whip
“‘Nosey’ Sees All Knows All.” Chicago Whip. December 11, 1920.
“‘Nosey’ Sees All Knows All.” Chicago Whip. January 15, 1921.
“‘Nosey’ Sees All Knows All.” Chicago Whip. January 29, 1921.
“‘Nosey’ Sees All Knows All.” Chicago Whip. November 6, 1920; Chicago Whip, December 4, 1920.
“Have We Had A New Sex Problem Here?” Chicago Whip. November 27, 1920.
Dissertations and Theses
Bruce, Earle W. “Comparison of Traits of the Homosexual from Tests and from Life History Materials.” M.A. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1942.
Schwartz, Jack. “Men's Clothing and The Negro; a Study of Men's Clothing as a Communication Medium and its Implication for the American Negro Male.” M.A. Thesis, The University of Chicago, 1958.
Secondary Sources
Beam, Joseph ed. In The Life: A Black Gay Anthology. Boston: Alyson Publications, 1986.
Beemyn, Brett. “A Queer Capital, Lesbian, Gay and bisexual life in Washington D.C., 1890-1950.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, 1997.
Beemyn, Brett. Creating a Place for Ourselves : Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Histories. New York: Routledge, 1997
Berderman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States 1880-1917. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Bergman, David, ed. Camp Grounds, Style and Homosexuality. New York: Routledge, 1993
Best, Wallace. Passionately Human, No Less Divine : Religion and Culture in Black Chicago, 1915-1952. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 2005
Boyer, Paul. Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970
Boykin, Keith. Beyond the Down Low: Sex, Lies and Denial in Black America. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005.
Butler, Judith. Bodies that Matter: On the discursive Limits of ‘Sex.’ New York: Routledge, 1993.
Chauncey, George. Gay New York, Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books, 1994
Cohen, Cathy J. “Contested Membership: Black Gay Identities and the Politics of AIDS.” In Queer Theory/Sociology. Edited by S. Siedman. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
Cohen, Lizabeth. Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago 1919-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990
Constantine-Simms, Delroy, ed. The Greatest Taboo : Homosexuality in Black Communities. Los Angeles: Alyson Books, 2001.
Cory. Donald Webster. The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach. New York: Greenberg, 1951
D’Emilio, John. Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Davis, Ralph Nelson. “The Negro Newspaper in Chicago.” M.A. Thesis, The University of Chicago, 1939.
Drake St. Clair and Horace R. Cayton. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York : Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1946.
Echols, Alice. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
Erenberg, Lewis. Steppin’ Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890-1930. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1981.
Evans, Sara. Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Right Momvement and the New Left. New York: Vintage, 1980.
Faderman, Lillian. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers, A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
Faris, Robert E.L. Chicago Sociology, 1920-1932. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing, 1967.
Fisher, Claude S. “Theories of Urbanism.” In Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Edited by George Gmelch and Walter Zenner. New York: St Martins Press, 1980.
Frazier, E Franklin. Black Bourgeoisie. Glencoe Il, The Free Press, 1957.
Garber, Eric. “A Spectacle in Color: The Lesbian and Gay Subculture of Jazz Age Harlem.” In Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Edited by Martin Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. New York: NAL Books, 1989
Garer, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr. “The Black Man’s burden.” In Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory. Edited by Michael Warner. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
Grossman, James. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Haller, Mark. “Urban Vice and Civil Reform: Chicago in the Early Twentieth Century.” In Cities in American History. Edited by Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz. New York: Alfred Knopt, 1972.
Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. New York: Menthuen and Co., 1979.
Hemphill, Essex, ed. Brother to Brother: New Writings by Black Gay Men. Boston: Alyson, 1991.
Hirsch, Arnold. Making the Second Ghetto : Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
hooks, bell. Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Back. Boston: South End Press, 1984.
Johnson, E. Patrick ed. Black Queer Studies. Durham : Duke University Press, 2005.
Katz, Jonathan Ned. Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. New York: Meridian, 1992.
Kelley, Robin D.G. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York: Free Press 1994.
Lieb, Sandra. Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey. Amherst: University of Massachussets Press, 1981.
Lomax, Alan. Mister Jelly Roll. London: Virgin Books, 1991.
Lorde, Audre. Zami, A New Spelling of My Name. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press, 1994.
Mercer, Kobena. Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge, 1994.
Mumford, Kevin. Interzones. Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Newton, Esther. Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
Reed, Christopher Robert. The Chicago NAACP and the Rise of Black Professional Leadership, 1910-1966. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Shaw, Clifford R. The Jack Roller: A Delinquant Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1930.
Smith, Michael J.. Black Men/White Men. San Francisco : Gay Sunshine Press, 1983.
Smith, T.V. and Leonard D. White, eds. Chicago: An Experiment in Social Science Research. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968.
Spear, Allan. Black Chicago: The Making of the Negro Ghetto 1890-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Travis, Dempsey J. Cab Calloway. New York: Partners Publishers, 1997.
Vice Commission of Chicago. The Social Evil in Chicago: A Study of Existing Conditions (with recommendations by the Vice Commission of Chicago: a municipal body appointed by the mayor and the City Council of the city of Chicago, and submitted as its report to the mayor and City Council of Chicago) Chicago : Gunthorp-Warren Printing Company, 1911.
White, Charles. The Life and Times of Little Richard. New York: Omnibus Press, 2001.
Zorbaugh, Harvey W. The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago’s Near North Side Chicago: University of Chicago, 1929.