Eve Adams Teaching Topics and Materials
Last edit: May 17, 2021, 9:23 pm ET
Eve Adams was a rebel. Born Chawa Zloczewer (pronounced Khava Zlochever) into a Jewish family in Mlawa, Poland, Adams cemented her rebel reputation after emigrating to the U.S. in 1912. The young women befriended anarchists, sold left publications, took her new name, and ran lesbian-and-gay-friendly speakeasies in Chicago and New York.
Then, in 1925, Adams risked all to write and publish a book titled Lesbian Love, a unique, pioneering community study, a book like no other of its time.
In a repressive era, Adams’ link to anarchists caught the attention of the young J. Edgar Hoover and the U.S. Bureau of Investigation, leading to her surveillance and arrest.
In a case that pitted U.S. immigration officials, the New York City police, and a biased informer against her, Adams was convicted of publishing an obscene book and attempted sex with a policewoman sent to entrap her. Adams was deported back to Europe, lived in France for thirteen years, and after the Nazi occupation, was ultimately murdered in Auschwitz.
In The Daring Life and Dangerous Times of Eve Adams (Chicago Review Press, May 18, 2021), historian Jonathan Ned Katz recovered the life story of this early, daring activist.
Having searched for documents, evaluated evidence, and distinguished fact from fiction, Katz presents the first biography of Adams. His publisher includes the long-lost text of Adams’ rare, unique book Lesbian Love.
EVE'S PAST, OUR PRESENT
Eve Adams’ life links diverse pasts, making her life of striking relevance to present concerns.
Topics to facilitate the teaching of Eve Adams's life and The Daring Life and Dangerous Times of Eve Adams by Jonathan Ned Katz (Chicago Review Press, May 18, 2021). Additions Welcome: outhistory@gmail.com:
SEXUAL HISTORY: Her publishing Lesbian Love makes her central to the history of sexuality -- in particular, lesbian resistance history.
GENDER HISTORY: Repeated, critical references to Eve's gender-bending appearance and demeanor make her central to the history of gender, and changing norms of masculinity and femininity.
IMMIGRATION HISTORY: Eve's story is central to the history of immigration, in particular, Jewish immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe in the early twentieth century. Eve's migrations from Poland to the U.S. to France, her visits to Stockholm, Berlin, London, and Switzerland make her an international heroine.
JEWISH HISTORY: Eve's life is embedded in modern Jewish history, and the larger field of ethnic history, and her mode of death situates her in the history of anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and genocide.
WORKING CLASS HISTORY: Eve's life represents a too rare example of working-class history, and working-class and left organizing for an equitable, just society.
SURVEILLANCE HISTORY: Eve's surveillance by the Bureau of Investigation (forerunner of the FBI), and the repressive collusion of federal, state, and city officials, a judge, and local police officers make her story relevant to the history of population tracking and government crackdowns on social justice movements and left activism.
COMMUNITY HISTORY: Eve's book Lesbian Love was, among other things, a pioneering work of community history, a genre of historical writing that has appealed to diverse LGBTQ+ communities.
INTERNATIONAL HISTORY: Eve's history is Polish history, US history, French history, and German history.
FASCISM HISTORY: And lastly, the rise of fascism in Eve’s time has eerie resemblances to our own time and her story serves as an early warning signal.
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RELEVANT BIBLIOGRAPHY (additions welcome: outhistory@gmail.com)
SEXUAL HISTORY
Benstock, Shari. "Paris Lesbianism and Culture of Reaction, 1900-1940." In Martin Duberman, and others, Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past (New American Library, 1989), pages 332-346.
Benstock, Shari. Women of the Left Bank: Paris 1900-1940 (University of Texas Press; 1st edition, August 1, 1987).
Bronski, Michael. A Queer History of the United States (Beacon Press, May 15, 2012).
Bullough, Vern L., editor. Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context (Harrington Park Press, 2002).
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. On Intersectionality: Essential Writings (New Press, March 2017).
D'Emilio, John and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (third edition, University of Chicago Press, 2012).
De La Croix, St. Sukie, Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall (University of Wisconsin Press, 2012).
Eaklor, Vick L. Queer America: A People's GLBT History of the United States (New Press, 2008).
Eledge, Jim. The Boys of Fairy Town: Sodomites, Female Impersonators, Third-Sexers, Pansies, Queers, and Sex (Chicago Review Press: 2018).
Faderman, Lillian. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (Columbia University Press, 1991, reprint February 21, 2012).
Faderman, Lillian. Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present. (William Morrow, 1994).
Faderman, Lillian. To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America (Mariner, 1st edition June 8, 2000).
Franzen, Trisha. Spinsters and Lesbians: Independent Womanhood in the United States (New York: New York University Press, 1996).
Hartman, Saidiya. Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Social Upheaval (Norton, Feb. 19, 2019).
Herring, Scott. Queering the Underworld: Slumming, Literature, and the Undoing of Lesbian and Gay History (University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Heap, Chad. Slumming: Sexual and Racial Encounters in American nightlife, 1885-1940 (University of Chicago Press, 2009).
Lewin, Ellen, ed. Inventing Lesbian Cultures in America (Beacon Press, December 31, 1996).
Marhoefer, Laurie. “Lesbianism, Transvestitism, and the Nazi State: A Microhistory of a Gestapo Investigation, 1939–1943,” American Historical Review 121, no. 4 (October 2016): 1167–1195.
Mumford, Kevin J. Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century. (Popular Cultures, Everyday Lives.) New York: Columbia University Press, July 1997).
Romesburg, Don, editor. The Routledge History of Queer America. (Routledge, 2018).
Rupp, Leila J. and Susan K. Freeman. Understanding and Teaching U.S. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History (2nd ed., Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, March 2017).
Somerville, Siobhan B. Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture (Duke University Press, 2000).
Trimberger, Ellen Kay. "Feminism, Men, and Modern Love in Greenwich Village, 1900-1925." In Snitow, Ann, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, eds. Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality (New Feminist Library, 1983).
Wachman, Gay. Lesbian Empire; Radical Crosswriting in the Twenties. (Rutgers University Press, 2001).
Primary Sources
Berkman, Alexander. Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (Mother Earth Press, 1912; NYRB Classics (September 30, 1999).
Faderman, Lillian, ed. Chloe Plus Olivia: An Anthology of Lesbian Literature from the Seventeenth Century to the Present (Penguin Books, 1994).
Ford, Charles Henry, and Parker Tyler. The Young and Evil (A Seahorse Book, 1988).
Kin, David George (birth name Plotkin). Women Without Men: True Stories of Lesbian Love in Greenwich Village (Brookwood Publishing, 1958).
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GENDER HISTORY: Changing Norms of Masculinity and Femininity
Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture and the Making of the Gay Male World 1890-1940. (New York: Basic Books, 1994)
Reay, Barry. Trans America: A Counter-History (Polity Press, 2020).
Newton, Esther. "The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman," in Duberman, and others, Hidden from History, pages 281-293.
Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, "Discourses of Sexuality and Subjectivity: The New Woman, 1870-1936," in Duberman, and others, Hidden from History, pages 264-280.
Spurlin, Willam J. “The Politics of Gender Difference: Lesbian Existence Under the Third Reich,” in Lost Intimacies: Rethinking Homosexuality Under National Socialism (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 45–63.
Stryker, Susan. Transgender History (Seal Press; 1st ed. May 6, 2008; 2nd ed. with the added subtitle: The Roots of Today's Revolution, Seal Press, November 7, 2017).
Stryker, Susan, and Stephen Whittle. The Transgender Studies Reader (Routledge 2006).
Primary Sources:
Lind, Earl (Ralph Werther-Jennie June). Autobiography of an Androgyne (Medico-Legal Press, 1918; edited with an introduction by Scott Herring, Rutgers University Press, 2008). Has elements of a community study. See Werther.
Werther, Ralph -Jennie June. The Female-Impersonators: A Sequel to the Autobiography of an Androgyne and an Account of Some of the Author's Experiences During His Six Years' Career as Instinctive Female-Impersonator in New York's Underworld (Medico-Legal Journal), 1922. Has elements of a community study. See Lind.
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IMMIGRATION HISTORY
In particular, Jewish immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe in the early twentieth century, and US immigration to Paris in the 1920s and '30s.
Benton-Cohen, Katherine. Inventing the Immigration Problem: The Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).
Baynton, Douglas C. Defectives in the Land: Disability and Immigration in the Age of Eugenics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).
Hajimu, Masuda, “Rumors of War: Immigration Disputes and the Social Construction of American-Japanese Relations, 1905–1913,” Diplomatic History 33, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–37.
Handlin, Oscar. Immigration as a Factor in American History. (Prentice-Hall: 1959).
Office of the Historian, US Department of State, “The Immigration Act of 1924."
Primary Sources
Antin, Mary. From Plotzk to Boston. Foreword by Israel Zangwill (Boston, MA: W. B. Clarke & Co., 1899). Memoir of Polish immigrant.
Durand, E. Dana, Director of the Census, "Our Immigrants and the Future,” World’s Work 23, no. 4 (February 1912), via Gjenvick-Gj.nvik Archives.
Salmon, Thomas W. “Immigration and the Mixture of Races in Relation to the Mental Health of the Nation,” in Modern Treatment of Nervous and Mental Diseases, vol. 1, ed. W. A. White and S. E. Jelliffe (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1913), 258, via Hathi Trust Digital Library.
US Immigration Act of 1917 (HR 10385), 64th Cong. (February 5, 1917), via Library of Congress.
US Immigration Act of 1924 (HR7995), 68th Cong. (May 26, 1924), via Library of Congress.
US Immigration Commission, Dictionary of Races or Peoples (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1911) via Internet Archive.
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JEWISH HISTORY, Anti-Semitism, & The Holocaust
Blumbaum, Robert E. Blobaum, “The ‘Woman Question' in Russian Poland, 1900–1914,” Journal of Social History 35, no. 4 (Summer 2002).
Goldstein, Baruch G. For Decades I Was Silent: A Holocaust Survivor’s Journey Back to Faith (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2008). Political and religious ferment in Mława, Poland, Eve's home town, is recalled by a resident, born there in 1923, thirty-two years after Eve.
Levin, Shmuel, and Wila Orbach, “Mlawa,” in Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, vol. 4 (Jerusalem: Vad Vashem, 1989), trans. JewishGen, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol4_00280.html
Nagorski, R. “History of the Anarchist Movement in Poland,” Anarchist Review 2 (1977), excerpted by Red and Black Book Project, http://freepacifica.savegrassrootsradio.org/redblack/books/polish_anarchism.htm
Ury, Scott. Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012).
US Holocaust Memorial Museum, “1933: Key Dates,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1933-key-dates
Veidlinger, Jeffrey. Jewish Public Culture in the Late Russian Empire. (Indiana University Press, illustrated, April 14, 2009).
Zimmerman, Joshua D. Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892–1914 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004).
Primary Sources:
Antin, Mary. From Plotzk to Boston. Foreword by Israel Zangwill (Boston, MA: W. B. Clarke & Co., 1899). Memoir of Polish immigrant.
Arditti, Léon. Testimony about "Convoy" or “Transport 63,” to Auschwitz, https://deportation.yadvashem.org/index.html?itemId=5092635. See also Arditti, oral history, June 22, 1995, Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive, University of Southern California, via US Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/vha3443
Sienna, Noam. A Rainbow Thread: An Anthology of Queer Jewish Texts from the First Century to 1969 (Print-o-Carft Press, 2019).
Smulevic, Serge. Testimony in French quoted in English translation in “Transport 63,” https://deportation.yadvashem.org/index.html?itemId=5092635. See also: USC Shoah Foundation Institute. Testimony of Serge Smulevic. Oral History | VHA Interview Code: 33487. Interviewee: Serge Smulevic .
Touboul, Camille. Le Plus long de Chemins: de Marseille à Auschwitz. (Losange: 2. édition, January 1, 1998). In French. Memoirs of a Jew born in Casablanca in 1921. Testimony about Convoy 63 to Auschwitz.
Yad Vashem: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. “Transport 63 from Drancy, Camp, France to Auschwitz Birkenau, Extermination Camp, Poland on 17/12/1943,” Deportations Database, https://deportation.yadvashem.org/index.html?itemId=5092635
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WORKING CLASS HISTORY, & Union & Left Organizing, in particular, lesbian and GBTQ+ working-class history
Bruns, Roger A. The Damnest Radical: The Life and World of Ben Reitman, Chicago's Celebrated Social Reformer, Hobo King, and Whorehouse Physician (University of Illinois Press: March 23, 2001).
Chester, Eric Thomas. The Wobblies in Their Heyday: The Rise and Destruction of the Industrial Workers of the World during the World War I Era (Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2014).
Dubofsky, Melvyn and Foster Rhea Dulles, Labor in America: A History (eighth edition, Harlan Davidson, 2004).
Falk, Candace. Love, Anarchy and Emma Goldman (Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1984).
Frank, Miriam. Out in the Union: A Labor History of Queer America (Temple University Press, reprint ed. January 16, 2015).
Kissack, Terence. Free Comrades: Anarchism and Homosexuality in the United States (AK Press, January 2, 2008).
Montgomery, David, The Fall of the House of Labor (Cambridge University Press, 1999; reprint January 12, 2008).
Nowlin, Bill. Alexander Berkman Anarchist: Life, Work, Ideas (Christiebooks, 2014).
Orleck, Annelise. Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965 (University of North Carolina, new edition May 22, 1995).
Wexler, Alice R. Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life (Pantheon: September 12, 1984.
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SURVEILLANCE HISTORY:
History of the FBI, federal, state, city, town bureaucracies, legal officials, police, and crackdowns on union organizing and social justice movements.
Ackerman, Kenneth D. Young J. Edgar: Hoover and the Red Scare, 1919-1920 (Viral History Press, September 27, 2011).
Charles, Douglas M. Hoover's War on Gays: Exposing the FBI's "Sex Deviates" Program (University Press of Kansas, 2015).
Charles, Douglas M. The FBI's Obscene File: J. Edgar Hoover and the Bureau's Crusade Against Smut (University Press of Kansas, 2012.
Murray, Robert K. Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919-1920. (University of Minnesota Press, 1955.)
Pfannestiel, Todd J. Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (Routledge, 2004).
Polchin, James. Indecent Advances: A Hidden History of True Crime and Prejudice Before Stonewall (Counterpoint; Illustrated edition (June 4, 2019)
Preston, Jr., William, Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (1st ed., Harvard University Press, 1963; 2nd ed. with new foreword by Paul Buhle and a new epilogue by the author).
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POLISH HISTORY: 1890s-1940s
Blumbaum, Robert E. Blobaum, “The ‘Woman Question' in Russian Poland, 1900–1914,” Journal of Social History 35, no. 4 (Summer 2002).
Goldstein, Baruch G. For Decades I Was Silent: A Holocaust Survivor’s Journey Back to Faith (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2008). Political and religious ferment in Mława, Poland, Eve's hometown, is recalled by a resident, born there in 1923, thirty-two years after Eve.
Levin, Shmuel, and Wila Orbach, “Mlawa,” in Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, vol. 4 (Jerusalem: Vad Vashem, 1989), trans. JewishGen, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol4_00280.html
Nagorski, R. “History of the Anarchist Movement in Poland,” Anarchist Review 2 (1977), excerpted by Red and Black Book Project, http://freepacifica.savegrassrootsradio.org/redblack/books/polish_anarchism.htm
Ury, Scott. Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012).
Veidlinger, Jeffrey. Jewish Public Culture in the Late Russian Empire. (Indiana University Press, illustrated, April 14, 2009).
Zimmerman, Joshua D. Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892–1914 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004).
Primary Source:
Antin, Mary. From Plotzk to Boston. Foreword by Israel Zangwill (Boston, MA: W. B. Clarke & Co., 1899). Memoir of Polish immigrant.
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US HISTORY: 1910-present
Ackerman, Kenneth D. Young J. Edgar: Hoover and the Red Scare, 1919-1920 (Viral History Press, September 27, 2011).
Barnet, Andrea. All-Night Party: The Women of Bohemian Greenwich Village and Harlem, 1913-1930 (Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2004).
Canaday, Margot. The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).
Charles, Douglas M. Hoover's War on Gays: Exposing the FBI's "Sex Deviates" Program (University Press of Kansas, 2015).
Cresswell, Tim. The Tramp in America (London: Reaktion Books, 2019).
Dearborn, Mary V. The Happiest Man Alive: A Biography of Henry Miller (Simon & Schuster, 1991).
Fass, Paula. The Damed and the Beautiful.American Youth in the 1920s. (Oxford University Press, 1977).
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History. Volume 2 (Second edition, W. W. Norton, 2008).
Folpe, Emily Kies. It Happened on Washington Square (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002)
Ernest, Morris L. To The Pure: A Study of Obscenity and the Censor (Viking Press: 1928).
Gertzman, Jay A. Bootleggers and Smuthounds: The Trade in Erotica, 1920-1940 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002).
Hagedorn, Ann. Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America in 1919. (Simon and Schuster, 2007).
Miller, Terry. Greenwich Village and How It Got That Way (Crown 1990).
Mumford, Kevin J. Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century. (Popular Cultures, Everyday Lives.) New York: Columbia University Press, July 1997).
Stansell, Christine. American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (Princeton, 2000).
Theoharris, Athan G. and others. The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide (Oryx Press, 1999).
Trimberger, E. Kay. The New Single Woman (Beacon Press, 2005).
Ware, Caroline F. Greenwich Village 1920–1930: A Comment on American Civilization in the Post-War Years (Houghton Mifflin 1935; rpt. by Octagon Books, 1977).
Werbel, Amy. Lust: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock (Columbia University Press, 2018).
Wetzsteon, Ross. Republic of Dreams: Greenwich Village: The American Bohemia, 1910-1960. (Sion & Schuster, 2002).
Zeitz, Joshua. Flapper: A Madcap Story of Sex, Style, Celebrity, and the Women Who Made America Modern (Crown Publishers, 2006).
Zinn, Howard, and others. A People's History of the United States. Vol. 2: The Civil War to the Present, Teaching Edition (August 2003). An abridged classroom edition of Howard Zinn’s bestselling history of the United States, with teaching materials to accompany each chapter.
Primary Sources:
Antin, Mary. From Plotzk to Boston. Foreword by Israel Zangwill (Boston, MA: W. B. Clarke & Co., 1899). Memoir of Polish immigrant.
Rexroth, Kenneth. An Autobiographical Novel. With a New Postlude by the Author (Santa Barabara, CA: Ross-Erikson, 1982).
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FRENCH HISTORY: 1930-1940s
Jackson, Julian. France, The Dark Years 1940-1944 (Oxford University Press: 1st edition, March 27, 2003).
Kaiser, Charles: The Cost of Courage (Other Press, 2015). This heroic true story of the three youngest children of a bourgeois Catholic family who worked together in the French Resistance is told by an American writer who has known and admired the family for five decades.
Evelyne Castelli, "Nice Under Occupation: 1942-1944" (last edit May 7, 2016): via http://niceoccupation.free.fr/arrestations.html#NpVlKXNL Cites major scholarship and documents concerning the plight of Jews and others under the Nazi and Italian Fascist occupation of Nice, France.
Primary Sources:
Polikov, Leon and Jacques Sabille. Jews Under the Italian Occupation (New York: Howard Fertig, 1983)
Sica, Manuele. Mussolini's Army in the French Riviera: Italy's Occupation of France (University of Illinois Press: 1st edition, January 4, 2016).
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GERMAN HISTORY: 1920-1940s
Beachy, Robert. Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity (Alfred A. Knopf 2014).
Marhoefer, Laurie. “Lesbianism, Transvestitism, and the Nazi State: A Microhistory of a Gestapo Investigation, 1939–1943,” American Historical Review 121, no. 4 (October 2016): 1167–1195.
Marhoefer, Laurie. Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis (University of Toronto Press, 2015).
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COMMUNITY HISTORY: Eve Adams' Lesbian Love as Community Study
Barnes, Djuna. Ladies Almanack (1936). Employed modernist literary techniques to satirize and celebrate the amours of a lesbian group headed in Paris by Natalie Clifford Barney; see Benstock, Women of the Left Bank, 235.
Barnes, Djuna. Nightwood (1936). An experimental text mixed autobiography and fiction to survey the unhappy, conflicted romances of a small community of women; see Debra L. Niven, “Fictive Elements Within the Autobiographic Project: Necessary Conflation of Genres in Nightwood by Djuna Barnes,” MA thesis, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2007.
Bernstein, Allen. “Millions of Queers (Our Homo America),” (1940). Unpublished in his lifetime, was also a community study; the 149-page manuscript was first published via OutHistory.org, 2014, http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/1940-defense/millions-of-queers.
Cory, Donald Webster (pseudonym of sociologist Sagarin, Edward). The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach (New York: Greenberg, 1951),.
Hartland, Claude. The Story of a Life: For the Consideration of the Medical Fraternity (St. Louis, MO: Lewis S. Matthews, 1901). The earliest known autobiography of a US homosexual, presented not only its author’s extreme alienation but also a sense of the developing homosexual community life in St. Louis. See the discussion of Hartland and his book in Jonathan Ned Katz, Love Stories: Sex Between Men Before Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
Lind, Earl (Ralph Werther Jennie June). Autobiography of an Androgyne (Medico-Legal Journal, 1918; edited with an introduction by Scott Herring, Rutgers University Press, 2008). Has elements of a community study. See Werther.
Mayne, Mayne (pseudonym of Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson) The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as a Problem in Society Life (privately printed, [1908]), via Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/mdptemp/page/n17/mode/2up. Discussed communities of male and female homosexuals (“Uranians” and “Uraniads”) emerging into view in cities around the world.
Newton, Esther. “The ‘Drag Queens’: A Study in Urban Anthropology” (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1968), published as Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), focused on the social interactions of a community of men (mostly gay) who performed as women.
Newton, Esther. Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America’s First Gay and Lesbian Town (Boston: Beacon Press,1993), used interviews to document the history of the long-standing community on Long Island, New York.
Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky, and Madeline D. Davis. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993) focused on a group in Buffalo, New York.
Werther, Ralph -Jennie June. The Female-Impersonators: A Sequel to the Autobiography of an Androgyne and an Account of Some of the Author's Experiences During His Six Years' Career as Instinctive Female-Impersonator in New York's Underworld (Medico-Legal Journal), 1922. Elements of a community study. See also: Lind.
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Non-commercial use permitted. All commercial use, in any commercial media, of the historical materials discovered, interpreted and combined over a period of five years of full-time work and published in the first and only biography of Eve Adams by Jonathan Ned Katz remain the property of the author, Jonathan Ned Katz. For inquiries contact Katz at jnk123@mac.com